Hydrogen.gov | B. Liquid Hydrogen Delivery

B. Liquid Hydrogen Delivery

1. Liquefaction
Goals: Cost, Efficiency

a) Cost-benefit analysis

i. Large-scale operations

ii. Energy integration with other systems

iii. Improved refrigeration schemes

b) Magnetic-caloric liquefaction

c) Novel refrigeration technologies

i. Cryo-coolers
Goal: 10% improvement in efficiency

d) Heat exchanger materials

e) Additives to raise liquefaction temperature and liquid-phase separation

2. Pipelines

a) Fluid-flow management

b) Leak detection

c) Sealing system

d) Fluid conditioning

e) Venting

3. Metering and Physical Properties

a) Thermodynamic and transport properties
Description: Update and revise correlations for hydrogen thermodynamic and transport properties in both liquid and gaseous phases at temperatures from 15 K to 700 K, and pressures up to 100 Mpa.
Goal: Ensure equity in commercial sales of hydrogen.

b) Disseminate codes

i. REFPROP database

ii. Chemistry WebBook

4. Demonstrations

a) Airport/spaceport pipeline and fueling station

i. Test parameters: boil-off rate, fill and vent fluid dynamics, safety

ii. Automonous operation in ambient conditions

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